About Al-Quran
The presence of the printing press and tagging techniques not only make the Quran becomes easier to read and learn, but also standardize various versions of the Quran had been previously circulated a formal reading of the standards as we know it today.
Reading version (qiraat) is one kind of reading the Quran. This version appeared on the early history of Islam (first to third century) as a result of the diversity of how to read and understand the Manuscripts in circulation at that time. Manuscripts is another term from the Quran, which is a set or collection of the verses of Allah, written and recorded.
Before Uthman bin Affan (yr 35 H), the third caliph, ordered a standardization of the Quran which was later known as "manuscripts Uthmani," at that time had been circulated dozens - if not hundreds - Manuscripts are ascribed to the companions of the Prophet. Some of the Companions of the Prophet has its own Manuscripts that are different from each other, the difference was only based on differences in dialect between the Arab tribes, so that does not alter the substance of the Quran itself.
Ibn Mas'ud, a close friend of the Prophet, for example, has the Quran Manuscripts that do not include surah al-Fatihah (the first sura). This provoked debate among the scholars whether al-Fatihah is part of the Quran or it is simply a "preface" that its essence is not part of the holy book.
One of the great scholars who consider al-Fatihah not as part of the Qur'an is Abu Bakr al-Asamm (yrs 313 H). He and other scholars who support this view argue that al-Fatihah is just "liturgical expression" to start reading the Quran. But the conviction was successfully broken by Khlaifah Ustman by quoting the hadith of the Prophet: "anyone who did not start anything with reading bismillah the job to be in vain." The words Bismillah indeed be an opening verse in surat Al-Fatihah.
After Uthman did codification and standardization, he ordered that the entire codex except mushafnya (manuscripts Uthmani) burned and destroyed. The possible reasons for the uniformity of dialect and reading the Holy Quran and the composition of verse which, according to other manuscripts Manuscripts, irregular, and punctuation, so for people who have never heard the sound of a word in the Quran, he must refer to the authority who can pronounce.
Authority readings is not the only source that causes the number of variant readings. If the authorities are not encountered, the Muslims at that time generally make their own choices based on language and tendency kaedah understanding of the meaning of a text. From here then there are all kinds of different readings due to the absence of dots and vowel (defectiva scripta). For example, the present form (mudhari') of word "alm" can be read yu'allimu, tu'allimu, or nu'allimu or also become na'lamu, ta'lamu or bi'ilmi.
To solve variants of the wild reading, and to bring order dialeg, the composition of letters and punctuation are different then in the year 322 AH, Caliph of the Abbasid through two ministers and Ibn Isa Ibn Muqlah, ordered Ibn Mujahid (d. 324 H) do enforcement. After comparing all the codex was in his hands, Ibn Mujahid selected seven variant readings from the famous qurra, namely Nafi (Medina), Ibn Kathir (Mecca), Ibn Amir (Syria), Abu Amr (Basrah), Asim, Hamza, and Kisai (all three of Kufa).
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